In a study of 79 children aged 3 to 5 years, Haga and colleagues 9 used a 24‐hour urine collection method and reported that the urinary sodium excretion level was 79 mmol/d (salt: 4.6 g/d). 7, 8 Sodium and potassium intakes are often estimated by measuring urinary concentrations. 6 The Japanese National Health and Nutrition Survey reports that in Japanese children aged 1 to 6 years, the average sodium intake for boys is 100 mmol/d (salt: 5.9 g/d) and for girls is 88 mmol/d (salt: 5.4 g/d). It has been reported by the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) that in American children aged 4 to 5 years, the average sodium intake is 109 mmol/d (salt: 6.4 g/d) and potassium intake is 53 mmol/d. To moderate the levels of sodium and potassium intake from an early age, it is necessary to accurately determine the prevailing intake levels of young children. These studies have led to implications of high‐sodium and low‐potassium intakes from early stages of childhood as important risk factors for hypertension. They found that higher sodium intakes correlated with higher systolic BP, and higher potassium intakes correlated with lower systolic BP. 4 Rangan and colleagues 5 assigned 335 patients at 18 months of age to four groups according to their intake levels of sodium and potassium, and checked their systolic BP levels at 8 years old. 3 This effect was reported to persist in the infants with a low‐sodium diet 15 years later. 1, 2 In a double‐blind randomized trial of 476 newborn infants assigned to either a low‐sodium or normal‐sodium diet, the infants with a low‐sodium diet showed lower systolic blood pressure (BP) than infants with a normal‐sodium diet. Hypertension has become increasingly prevalent in developed countries, and early prevention by moderating the sodium and potassium intakes of infants and preschool children has gained awareness. In conclusion, levels of urinary sodium excretion are comparatively high and those of potassium are low in preschool students, with high variability within and between individuals. Season had no effect on sodium or potassium excretion levels, but the sodium to potassium ratio was higher in summer than in winter. Sodium excretion levels and sodium to potassium ratios were higher on Monday (weekend sodium intakes) than Tuesday. The coefficient variant in the children's excretion levels were also high within and between individuals. Daily sodium and potassium excretion levels and sodium to potassium ratios were highly variable. The authors estimated the daily urine volume as 500 mL and daily creatinine excretion as 300 mg, and used these to calculate daily sodium and potassium excretion levels. Urine samples were collected from the first urine of the day after waking for three consecutive days (Monday–Wednesday) four times a year (spring, summer, autumn, winter). A total of 104 healthy preschool children aged 4 to 5 years were studied. In this study, the authors measured sodium and potassium concentrations in spot urine samples of preschool children on multiple days, and evaluated individual, daily, and seasonal effects.
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